Introduction to Angiosperms The word angiosperm came from the Greek words; “Angeion”, containers, receptacle, or vessel, and “Sperma”, seed. Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants that produce flowers, fruits, and seeds. After fertilization, ovules are not shed and remain enclosed within the ovaries. This group is the most diverse and the largest with 68 orders, 416 families,…
Introduction to Cycadales: Cycadales or cycads “living fossils” are member of gymnosperms (naked seeded plants). This group consists of 11 living genera and more than 100 species. This group contains both extinct and living (extant) genera. They dominated the world in the Jurassic period. These are present in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions of…
Introduction and Origin of Bennettitales: The name “Bennettitales” has been given to honor J.J. Bennett, an English botanist. This group of fossil plants flourished well during the Triassic to Lower Cretaceous periods of the Mesozoic era (ages of Cycads). Palaeobotanists believe that this group originated from Pteridospermales. Fossils of Bennettitales are found either in the…
Rangeland Management Rangeland is wasteland, usually arid or semi-arid with low or erratic rainfall. The land is mainly used for forage and feeding of the livestock, keeping livestock, storing water, recreation, and much more. Rangeland Management is necessary to save this high value natural resources. Locally, rangeland is called “Chiragah” in Pakistan which may be…
Heterospory in Pteridophytes Pteridophytes serve as a link between bryophytes and seed plants. In Pteridophytes, heterospory was reported in the late Devonian period. They are vascular plants with roots, stems, and leaves but no flower or seed. Most of the Pteridophytes are homosporous as they produce only one kind of spore. In homospory, the sex…
Density Dependent and Density Independent Factors Demography is the study of all the possible statistics that affect the size of a population. Some biotic and abiotic factors limit the size of a population. These factors are broadly categorized into density dependent and density independent factors. Density Dependent Factors A factor that affects the size of…
Introduction The term gymnosperms have its origin in the Greek words “Gymno” naked, unenclosed; and “Sperma”; seed. Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants of the subkingdom “Embryophyta”. These are flowerless and reproduce by exposed seeds (naked seed) or ovules, “the most distinguishing feature of this group”. In gymnosperms, seeds are always…
Taxonomic status of Ginkgo biloba Kingdom Plantae Phylum Ginkgophyta Class Ginkopsida Order Ginkgoales Family Ginkgoaceae Genus Ginkgo Specie G.biloba Binomial Name: Ginkgo biloba Photo by Kanduri on pexels.com History Ginkgo biloba, a species from the gymnosperm group is native to China and Japan. Ginkgo has been planted since ancient times (about 1500 years ago) in…
Nature is vast, complex, and diverse. Among its many features to make you awe, “Chaparral Biome” has a special space. Chaparral Biomes shine as a unique combination of flora, fauna, and wonders of different geographical features. “Chaparral biome” where resilience meets beauty, where flora and fauna have intricately adapted to create a unique ecological dance….
There are many factors affecting herbicide carryover or residues in soil and plants like residue itself, some biotic (microbes, plants), abiotic (soil, moisture, light), and chemical (degradation process, half-life) factors. Herbicides destroy plants (herbs) and more specifically off-type plants or weeds. After destroying weed plants or limiting their growth, herbicide residues may persist in the…
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